Definition and Examples of Non Sequiturs

Definition and Examples of Non Sequiturs Definition A non sequitur is a  fallacy in which a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it. Also known as  irrelevant reason and fallacy of the consequent. As illustrated below, non sequiturs are the products of many different kinds of errors in reasoning, including begging the question, false dilemma, ad hominem, the appeal to ignorance, and the straw man argument. Indeed, as  Steve Hindes observes in Think for Yourself  (2005), A  non sequitur  is any pretended jump in  logic  that doesnt work cleanly, perhaps because of unfounded  premises, unmentioned complicating factors, or alternative explanations, such as This war is righteous because we are French! or You will do what I say because you are my wife! The Latin expression non sequitur means it does not follow. Pronunciation: non SEK-wi-terr Examples and Observations We realize that it would be in the best interest of the community and our children to address the issue expeditiously. In order to make this happen, I respectfully request an eight-month payment delay calling for payment of the $10 million obligation on August 31, 2015.(Savannah City Manager Stephanie Cutter in a letter to the citys superintendent of schools; reported in the Savannah Morning News, April 3, 2014)Warming was caused by sunspots, or fluctuations in the Earths orbit, or volcanic eruptions. Therefore it cannot be caused by mankind. The therefore is the giveaway, the delicious non sequitur: just because Earth has warmed for one or another reason in the past is no reason why it cannot warm for a completely different reason in the future.(John Llewellyn, In a Confusing Climate. The Observer, September 2, 2007)A Philosophers Non SequiturImmanuel Kant, considered by many to be the greatest philosopher of the modern period, would manage to let slip what is surely the greatest no n-sequitur in the history of philosophy: describing a report of something seemingly intelligent that had once been said by an African, Kant dismisses it on the grounds that this fellow was quite black from head to toe, a clear proof that what he said was stupid.(Justin E.H. Smith, The Enlightenments Race Problem, and Ours. The New York Times, February 10, 2013) Obvious Non SequitursNon sequiturs are most obvious when absurd. For instance, from the facts that most cats like milk and some cats have tails I could not derive the conclusion that David Hume was the greatest British philosopher. That would be a complete non sequitur that borders on the surreal, whether or not its conclusion is true. Non sequiturs are often advertised by the spurious use of so and therefore..., but the context of a statement can also suggest that it is a conclusion derived from what has gone before even when there is no such word used to indicate it.Any formal fallacy will have a non sequitur as its conclusion, though most of these non sequiturs will be less obvious than the one above.(Nigel Warburton, Thinking from A to Z. Routledge, 1996)Non Sequiturs in NewspapersNon sequiturs are most often encountered in newspapers, where constructions such as the following are common: Slim, of medium height, and with sharp features, Mr. Smiths technical skills are combined wi th strong leadership qualities (New York Times). What, we might ask, do Mr. Smiths height and features have to do with his leadership qualities?†(Bill Bryson, Brysons Dictionary of Troublesome Words: A Writers Guide to Getting It Right. Anchor, 2002) The Post Hoc and the Non SequiturThe difference between the post hoc and the non sequitur fallacies is that, whereas the post hoc fallacy is due to lack of a causal connection, in the non sequitur fallacy, the error is due to lack of a logical connection.(Mabel Lewis Sahakian, Ideas of the Great Philosophers. Barnes Noble, 1993)On the Lighter Side: Ralph Wiggums Non SequitursRalph Wiggum: Um, Miss Hoover? Theres a dog in the vent.Miss Hoover: Ralph, remember the time you said Snagglepuss was outside?Ralph Wiggum: He was going to the bathroom.(Sweet Seymour Skinners Baadasssss Song, The Simpsons)Ralph Wiggum: Martin Luther King had a dream. Dreams are where Elmo and Toy Story had a party and I was invited. Yay! My turn is over!Principal Skinner: One of your best, Ralphie.(The Color Yellow, The Simpsons, 2010)

3 Types of Intermolecular Forces

3 Types of Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces or IMFs are physical forces between molecules. In contrast, intramolecular forces are forces between atoms within a single molecule. Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces. The interaction between intermolecular  forces may be used to describe  how molecules interact with each other. The strength or weakness of intermolecular forces determines the state of matter of a substance (e.g., solid, liquid, gas) and some of the chemical properties (e.g., melting point, structure). There are three major types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion force, dipole-dipole interaction, and ion-dipole interaction. Key Takeaways: Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces act between molecules. In contrast, intramolecular forces act within molecules.Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces.Examples of intermolecular forces include the London dispersion force, dipole-dipole interation, ion-dipole interaction, and van der Waals forces. Heres a closer look at these 3 intermolecular forces, with examples of each type. London Dispersion Force The London dispersion force is also known as LDF,  London forces, dispersion forces, instantaneous dipole forces, induced dipole forces, or the induced dipole-induced dipole force The London dispersion force is the weakest of the intermolecular forces.This is the force between two nonpolar molecules. The electrons of one molecule are attracted to the nucleus of the other molecule, while repelled by the other molecules electrons. A dipole is induced when the electron clouds of the molecules are distorted by the attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces. Example:  An example of London dispersion force is the interaction between two methyl (-CH3) groups. Example: Another example is the interaction between nitrogen gas (N2) and oxygen gas (O2) molecules. The electrons of the atoms are not only attracted to their own atomic nucleus, but also to the protons in the nucleus of the other atoms. Dipole-Dipole Interaction Dipole-dipole interaction occurs whenever two polar molecules get near each other. The positively charged portion of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged portion of another molecule. Since many molecules are polar, this is a common intermolecular force. Example:  An example of dipole-dipole interaction is the interaction between two sulfur dioxide (SO2) molecules, where the sulfur atom of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen atoms of the other molecule. Example: H​ydrogen bonding is considered a specific example of a dipole-dipole interaction always involving hydrogen. A hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule, such as an oxygen atom in water. Ion-Dipole Interaction Ion-dipole interaction occurs when an ion encounters a polar molecule. In this case, the charge of the ion determines which part of the molecule attracts and which repels. A cation or positive ion would be attracted to the negative part of a molecule and repelled by the positive part. An anion or negative ion would be attracted to the positive part of a molecule and repelled by the negative part. Example:  An example of the ion-dipole interaction is the interaction between a Na ion and water (H2O) where the sodium ion and oxygen atom are attracted to each other, while the sodium and hydrogen are repelled by each other. Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are the interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules. The forces are used to explain the universal attraction between bodies, the physical adsorption of gases, and the cohesion of condensed phases. The van der Waals forces include Keesom interaction, the Debye force, and the London dispersion force. So, van der Waals forces include intermolecular forces and also some intramolecular forces. Sources Ege, Seyhan (2003). Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity. Houghton Mifflin College. ISBN 0618318097. pp. 30–33, 67.Majer, V. and Svoboda, V. (1985). Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford. ISBN 0632015292.Margenau, H. and Kestner, N. (1969). Theory of Inter-molecular Forces. International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy. Pergamon Press, ISBN 1483119289.

Contemporary opportunities and problems that confront IBM Company Essay

Contemporary opportunities and problems that confront IBM Company - Essay Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is the giant company which provides services such as infrastructure hosting as well as consulting services in a wide range of areas including the emerging technologies such as nanotechnology. As a business organization, IBM was founded in 1911 through a merger of three companies and has since then grown to become a market leader in the computing industry. For example, IBM was recently ranked to be the largest U.S firm in terms of its market capitalization and number of employees. The company has however undergone a number of organizational changes since its inception and some of these changes have resulted in new challenges while others have been affected in order to keep pace with the changes in the industry. The growth of IBM as a business organization has been faced with both opportunities and problems in the recent past and even today. The company lacks identity the execution clocks in this successful processor by half reduce the cache size by four or eight times which has made the elimination of l3 cache a problem as well as reduced the problem of reduction of instruction execution width to one. Despite numerous challenges such as increased competition from its market rivals, IBM has continued to refocus its business strategies into taking advantages of the numerous opportunities for growth that have been witnessed in the computing industry. Some the recent key areas of strategic investments for the company include strategic acquisitions, maintaining leadership in technology as well as developing client and industry specific solutions to its growing customer base.

Truth Is Far from Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Truth Is Far from Stereotypes - Essay Example Based on some personal or sometimes even generally accepted opinions, we may often get mistaken making the first opinion about another person. This, hence, causes prejudice and that is unfair towards the people living nearby, for any kind of prejudice is an unsupported by facts subjective belief. A similar situation has happened to me. It was several years ago when I first visited Puerto Rico. Preparing for the trip I was somewhat unsure of what to expect. I thought a completely new and, consequently, a strange and hostile environment was waiting for me. This impression was enhanced by my idea that I would be a stranger, a foreigner among the natives. At that time I was seeing Puerto Rico as a completely different world, absolutely different from what I’m used to in the ordinary day-to-day life. I guess such expectations and thoughts were the results of my unawareness of the major cultural and national traits of the land’s population. I, actually, knew nearly nothing about them, and probably that is why I was so unsure of what to expect. On the other hand, I believe no matter how much information you can get from the media, your real-life impressions will be much different from everything you learned in theory. So, I got to my destination.  

Type of Business, Purpose, Ownership and Influence Essay Example for Free

Type of Business, Purpose, Ownership and Influence Essay Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of contrasting organisations. TESCO PLC Tesco plc. (Public limited company) is a global grocery and general merchandise retailer, headquartered in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world, measured by revenues and the second largest, measured by profit. Tesco has around 5380 stores around the world; David Reid is the chairman and Philip Clarke. Most of the people think that Tesco is an international business however; Tesco is defined as a global business because as mentioned before, it has a large number of stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America. Tesco is in the tertiary sector and is the leader grocery market leader in the UK; it has a market share of 30%. It also is the market leader in Malaysia, Republic of Ireland and Thailand. Tesco’s ownership is based in a lot of shareholders. Dagenham Park Leisure Centre Dagenham Park Leisure Centre is a public organisation, which means that is own by the government, in this case Barking Dagenham council. As we can see from the name it is located in Dagenham and it’s a local organisation and is part of the tertiary sector. The main purpose of this organisation is to offer the local community facilities such as a fitness suite, a dance studio, a meeting room, a sports hall, a climbing wall and much more facilities so people can practice different types of sports, dance and even hire rooms to organise meetings. . Describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of these contrasting organisations. TESCO PLC In Tesco we can identify different stakeholders such as investors/shareholders (owners), customers, employees, suppliers and financiers. Investors/shareholders are very important stakeholders in Tesco as they are the owners and will obviously want it to do well because otherwise they will not make a profit. Without investors/shar eholders there wouldn’t be any funds, so Tesco would be able to carry on as a business. Also if Tesco isn’t making profit, the investors/shareholders will have to sell their shares and invest in other business that will give them profit; with this, Tesco’s shares could decrease and if they decrease a lot, Tesco could go bankrupt and this would be bad for everyone, customers, employees, suppliers and financiers. The customers are also very important. Tesco like most businesses need their customers because they are the businesses income as the customers are the people who buy Tesco’s products. The customers are a bit like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customer’s needs can be things such as expanding their stores or giving more variety on certain products. Basically, a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from and it is Tesco responsibility to provide them what they want otherwise if Tesco doesn’t respond to the customers’ needs in a positive way, Tesco might lose their customers and this will prejudice the business and the shareholders won’t be very happy with this. The employees are the people who Tesco pays to provide service. Tesco need to provide their employees with good working conditions, reasonable hours and treat them fairly because otherwise the employee’s will not be happy at their job which could lead to them resigning. If Tesco employees start resigning for negative reasons then word could spread that Tesco have bad working conditions and that employees of Tesco are not treated fairly meaning Tesco may find it hard to find skilled staff. Suppliers are important to Tesco because they supply Tesco with the goods to sell. The suppliers will want good money for the goods they supply to Tesco; this is the reason why suppliers will have an interest in Tesco because they will want their products to sell well. If particular products don’t sell well in the Tesco stores Tesco might decide that it is not beneficial to them to buy these items any more resulting in the suppliers not making any profits. Financers such as are important because they lend money to Tesco to make there expansion of the business possible. By expanding the stores more interest in Tesco is created. By doing this, more customers will shop there when the expansion is completed meaning Tesco will make more profits. Dagenham Park Leisure Centre The local community will have a huge impact, because if there aren’t any individuals paying for using the facilities, there won’t be any profit for the business, so they have to provide good service and quality facilities so the community will be satisfied, the other reason why the local community is mportant is because the leisure centre was aimed for them, so if they don’t make use of it, the purpose of the organisation won’t be accomplished. The employees are very important, because the management in Leisure Centre is vital. The employees will get paid to provide services of all types (laundries, dance teaching, personal trainers, managers, etc. ). They also have to be provided will good working conditions, so they will be satisfied, otherwise they will resign and it will prejudice the Leisure Centre as there won’t be anyone to provide services to the community. Barking Dagenham council is a very important stakeholder, as they are part of the government they are funding the Leisure Centre and they will want that the Leisure Centre makes good profit and provides good service for the community. If it is the other way around, the Council might reduce facilities or even close the Leisure Centre due to the costs and if it happens it will affect the community as they will lose the facilities the Leisure Centre was providing and will also affect the employees as they will lose their jobs and become unemployed . Suppliers are important to the Leisure Centre because they supply the Leisure Centre with the goods for the restaurant and not only. The suppliers will want good money for the goods they supply; this is the reason why suppliers will have an interest in Leisure Centre because they will want their products to sell well, so they can keep selling their products to the Leisure Centre. If particular products don’t sell well, Leisure Centre might decide that it is not beneficial to them to buy these items any more resulting in the suppliers not making any profits. Trade unions might have an impact of a Leisure Centre. Many employees in the public sector belong to Trade Unions, so if the Government tries to fire an employee that belongs to a Trade Union, the Trade Union might get involved and it might even go to court, this can influence that the Government keeps their employees for longer.

God. Creator or Poet? :: Religion Religious God Essays

God. Creator or Poet? The Latin word â€Å"poet† means â€Å"creator†. Humans, realizing they are different from animals in the world, have been trying to rationalize things and themselves to the world ever since. Poets and writers used to come up with these far off imaginative ways of how to answer questions of life almost to explain it in a philosophical way. Who were the first humans? How did they come to be? What made the sun and the moon and the stars? Why the animals were made the way they were? What caused night and day, the seasons, the cycle of life itself? Why were some people greedy and some unselfish, some ugly and some handsome, some dull and some clever? As people pondered these questions and many more, they created stories that helped explain the world to their primitive minds. Storytellers told these tales again and again around the fires of the early tribes, by the hearth of humble cottages, before the great fire in the king's hall; they told them as they sat in the grass huts of the jungle, the Hogans of the Navajo, and the igloos of the Eskimo. Their children told them, and their children's children, until the stories were smooth and polished. And so people created their myths and their folktales, their legends and epics; the literature of the fireside, the poetry of the people, and the memory of humankind. They spoke what made them understand the unknown. However scholars choose to look at them, folktales and myths are literature derived from human imagination to explain the human condition. Literature today continues to express our concern about human strengths, weaknesses, and the individual's relationships to the world and to other people. This thought came up by Euhemerus in 300 B.C. He began the theory that once one war hero became respected and dies, people pass on their name while embellishing their heroic story. Soon, people forgot the fact that this hero was even human. Now, the hero was a God; an immortal God. The vast body of traditional literature was shaped verbally by generation after generation, simply because oral language was then the only language. (Even today, writing is far from universal. Of 2796 languages in the world, all have an oral form, but only about 153 have a written form.

Conveyer belt project parts Essay

The work breakdown structure essentially is a decomposition of the work to be completed by the project team in order to successfully accomplish the project objectives and deliverables. It’s a very practical tool to visualise the work that needs to be done, however that is about all it’s useful for. The information provided by the work breakdown structure is not enough to allow the project team to identify any milestones or points of significance in the project. At this stage each element of the project has only been identified, none of them have been time scheduled, cost estimated or placed in a definitive chronological order, making it difficult to identify any significant milestones. Network scheduling refers to the graphical representation of activities that define the sequence of work in a project. It is an important tool used to visualise the chronological order of activities needed to be completed in order to meet the project deliverables and objectives. The project team decided to use Microsoft project to develop the network schedule for the conveyer belt project. However before a network schedule could be produced it was necessary to enter some important information into Microsoft project. Firstly the work calendar had to be customised. It was necessary to ensure that work was only completed from Monday to Friday during an 8 hour work day and that all relevant public holidays which would affect work were accounted for. Below in Figure 1 is the work calendar in Microsoft project. Following this the project team could enter the estimated duration of each work package and place them in chronological order. With the conveyer belt project set to begin on the 4th of January 2010, Microsoft project estimated the project would be complete on the 2nd of February 2012 and would take a total of 530 days to finish. On the following page in Figure 2 is a gant chart produced by Microsoft project which illustrates the schedule of each activity in the project. It is quite clear that the network of the project isn’t very sensitive. Both the gant chart on the previous page and the network diagram at the end of this section show a clear critical path in red. Although there are some activities with only a few days slack, namely the assembly of preproduction models which only has 5 days slack, the remaining activities in the project not on the critical path have 30 or more days slack. If some of the activities were to delay it isn’t very likely that a lot of critical paths would develop since majority of the activities have a reasonable amount of slack. Utilities documentation is easily the most flexible of the activities since it has the largest amount of slack adding up to 115 days. Now that the project team had successfully developed a valid network schedule it is more convenient to identify significant milestones in the project. Besides the start and end dates, 4th January 2010 and 2nd February 2012 respectively, the project team was able to identify two other milestones listed below: †¢Integration First Phase and †¢System Hard/Software Test The first phase of integration was identified as a milestone since its start date is heavily reliant on so many other activities. Before integration first phase can even begin, six other activities preceding it must also be completed. In addition to this integration first phase is on the critical path, meaning if there were to be any delays which affected the start date of this activity then there would be a delay in the entire project. In contrary to this the system hard/software test was determined to be a significant milestone because it had so many activities reliant on its successful completion. Four other activities could not start until the system hard/software tests were completed. Similarly to integration first phase, the system hard/software tests also fall on the critical path, thus if there any delays on this activity it will delay the overall project and delay the start of other activities. Whilst creating the network schedule for the conveyer belt project we have been able to produce two useful graphical representation of the project schedule. Both a gant chart and a network diagram have been included in the report. Both are extremely useful tools to visualise how the project and its activities are scheduled but both are also inherently different. The Gantt chart is more useful in representing the timing of various tasks which are required to successfully complete the project where as the network diagram is more useful in identifying the various tasks of the project and ordering them in their chronological order. Both charts have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively. Below in Table 1 is a summary of both network schedules advantages and disadvantages.